History of Halloween

oxoford utomo
assingmen

name:ryan indianto
reg.number:21060038
level:kom 3
date:28 mei 2009

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Halloween falls on October 31st each year in North America and other parts of the world. What do you know about Halloween? do you celebrate it in your country? Here is a litter history about it.

Like many other holidays, Halloween has evolved and changed throughout history. Over 2.000
years ago people called the celts lived in what is now ireland, the UK, and parts of Northem France. November 1 was their New Years Day. They believed that the night before the New year (October31) was a time when the living and the dead came together.

More than a thousand years ago the Christian church named November 1 All Saint Day (also called All Hallows.) This was a special holy day to honor the saints and other people who died for their religion. The night before All Hallows was called Hallows Eve. Later the name was changed to Halloween.

Like the Celts, the Europeans of that time also believed that ther spirit fo the dead would visit the earth on Halloween. They worried that evil spirits would cause problems or hurt them. so onl that night people wore costumes that looked like ghosts or other evil creatures. Thery thought it they dressed like that,the spirits would think they wre also dead and not harm them.

The tredition of Halloween was carried to America by the immigrating Eurpeans. Some of the traditions changed a little, though. For example, on Halloween in Europe some people would carry lantems made fro tumips. In America,pumpkins wre more common. so people began putting candles inside them and using them as lanterms. theat is why you see jack o lanterns today.

These days Halloween is not usually considred a religious holiday. It is primarily a fun day for childrn. Childrn drss up in costumes like people did a thousand years ago. But instead of worrying about evil sprits, they go from haouse to house. They knock on doors and say trick or treat. The owner of each house gives candy or something special to each trick or treater.

Happy Halloween friend ^_^

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was born at ulm, in wurttermberg, germany, on march 14 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to munich, where he later on began his schooling at the tuitpold Gymnaium. later, they moved to italy and albert continued his education at Aarau, Swizerland and in 1896 he entred the Swiss federal polytechinc School in zurich to be tranied as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenhip and, as he eas unable to find a teching post, he accepted a postion as techinal assitant in the siss patent office. in 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the patent office, and in hi spare time, he produced much of his remalkable work and in 1908 he was appinted Privatdozent in beme. in 1909 he became professor Extraordinary at Urich, in 1911 Professor of theoretical physics at rague, returnig to zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. in 1914 he was appointed Director of the kaiser wihelm physical instutite and Professor in the Univercity of Berlin. until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for politikal reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical physics at Princeton *.He became a united States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II Eintein was a leading figure in the World Goverment MOvement, he was ojffered the presidency of the Stats of Israel, wich he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weziman in estabishing the Hebrew Univercityof retired from his post in 1945.

Eintein always appered to have a clear view of the probelm of physics and the detemination to solve them. He had a stategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regearded his majo achievemnet as mere stepping-stones for tha next advance.

At the start of his scientifc work, Eintein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanis and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanis with the laws of the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with clasiccal probelm of stotistical mechanis and probelm in wich they were merged with quantum theory this led to an explanation of the browinan movement of molecules. He invistigatid the themal properties of light with a low radiation dnsity and his obsevation lad the foundation of the photom theory of light.

In his early days in berlin,Einstein realized the inadequacies of the special theory of relativiti must also funish a therory of gravitation and in 1916 he publeished his paper on the general theory of realitiviti .During tihs time he also contributed to the probelm of the theory of radiation and sttistical mechanis.

in the 1920s, Einstein embarked on the constuction of unified field theories, although he countinued to wourk on the prombalilsitic interpretation of quantum theory, and he perseverad with the wouk in America He contributied to statistical mechanis by his develpment of the quantum theory, of a monatomic gas and he has also accopmlished valuabel wourk in connection with atomic trasition probalities and reltivistich cosmology.

After his retiment he countied to wourk toward the unificaition of the basics co ceptis of phytaking the oppostie apporach, geometreasino, to the majorit of phystcittst.

Einteins's research are , of course , well choron icled and his more important work include special Theory of relavitivi (1905) relativiti (english treanslaionts 1920 and 1950) General Theory of relavitivi (1916) investigations browan movement (1926) and the evolution of phytis among his non wourk abou zionsi why war may hpil an ou mya later are perhaps the most important.

Albert Einstein recevid honoraary doctodfeg in sice medice and phicsohi from mana Erupean and america during lecturei europe america and the far east and he was awardt ferls of mespo of leas theor the would he gaine num award of wourk incldudi the coplye medakl of the royal of londong in and the from mdal fo from n instuin 1935.

Einteins gist inv rstuldti in tih del much in sto and fomr relaca tin music played ian importangmp hsi life he marrie and thet han a daught ang tow sont was so 1919 and in the same year he marihis coul elsa lowntha, who deic in 1939 he did on apri 18,1955 at priceton newe jersey